This study examines patterns of Gender roles and cultural stereotypes concerning femininity and masculinity in a group of girl students. The method is questionnaire and the aim is to reach an understanding of Gender roles through surveying their psychological characteristics. Findings show that girl students under study exhibit significant Gender roles difference. In other words, there is a difference in subjective patterns of femininity and masculinity. Moreover, there is a relationship between socioeconomic and cultural patterning and the students Gender roles. Findings also show that Gender is a dynamic, fluid, and changing phenomenon, and that Gender roles constitute a set of characters which have to be updated and continuously discussed.

In today's world, the media is the most important means of conveying messages to the public via various ways. It has a significant contribution to the level of public awareness of various issues. Therefore, the present study deals with media's effect on Gender stereotypes in women's sports. The method used to analyze the data is thematic analysis. The research population includes Iranian women athletes at professional level and researchers working in the field of women's sports studies. When analyzing the findings of the interviews, there are two main themes: the dysfunctions and functions of the media in the field of media influence on Gender stereotypes are extracted, which indicates their dual and contradictory influence. It means that on the one hand, the consequences of covering the successes and activities of professional women athletes in the media undermine the prevailing patriarchal ideas in sports, while, on the other hand, the media reinforces Gender stereotypes in society by inciting and emphasizing the femininity dimension of female athletes through inducing a Gender perspective and believing that women's sports are not severe in the public mind.

Introduction: The population of women and Gender equity play a crucial role in the society’, s growth and development process. This is a long-standing fact throughout human history that has been experienced in many societies across the world. It is also vitally important to mention that while Gender bias and Gender stereotypes exist more or less in all societies throughout the world, the existence and the extent of Gender unfairness and stereotypes are still critical benchmarks for socio-economic development across the world: on the one hand, the existence and dominance of Gender unfairness and stereotypes are overwhelmingly more visible in the developing countries so that women’, s lives are substantially affected by Gender unfairness and stereotypes,on the other hand, the opposite applies to the developed countries where Gender fairness and a significantly lower level of Gender stereotypes are the predominant patterns of Gender dynamics of the societies in the developed world...

The media has always played a key role in influencing public opinion. Representation is one of the important means with which media achieves its highest influence. Representations can only deliver a series of versions of reality. Each of these versions is materialized in a way to persuade readers/audiences that it only can deliver the ultimate truth. Repetitions and generalizations are two representational strategies with which stereotypes can be formed. In the media and literature of any nation, a number of stereotypes exist. These stereotypes are reflective of their society’ s status, and at the same time can actively affect the society. As a result, the rapport between the society and the emergent stereotypes are mutual, and none of them can be regarded as the determining instance over the other. Considering the above-mentioned facts, the present research analyzes the Gender stereotypes in Ehsan Abdolqoddus Zavjat Ahmad. Through its descriptive-analytical method, the study claims that as a prominent Egyptian writer, Abdolqoddus has heavily utilized Gender stereotypes for conveyance of his ideas. Presenting a successful woman against the male characters of the novel is one way Abdolqoddus has used and challenged the Gender stereotypes of Egyptian society Unlike the abstract cry of feminists for annihilation of Gender stereotypes, Abdolqoddus has focused on both the limitations and opportunities such stereotypes can deliver for both men and women of a traditional Egyptian society.

Introduction: This study aimed to examine the degree of femininity or masculinity of Gender stereotypes related to different academic fields, i.e. Math, Language, Humanities, Art, Life Sciences, and Medicine, in the minds of Iranian students.Method: Two hundred and twenty five male and female students of Kardani, BS and MS majoring in math and humanities from four higher educational centers in Tehran were selected according to convenience, and answered a questionnaire. One-sample t-test, as well as two-way and repeated measure ANOVAs were used in data analysis.Results: The two fields of Math and Medicine were considered masculine, while Art had a feminine stereotype. In case of Humanities, Language and Life Sciences, women regarded them as feminine, whereas men had a neutral image of them. A Gender difference was observed indicating that women viewed the academic fields as being more feminine. In case of Humanities, the interaction of students’ Gender and educational field was significant. Further, compared with students of math, students of humanities regarded Math to be more masculine.Conclusion: The results suggest that simply relying on educational statistics to decide about the femininity or masculinity of Gender stereotypes related to different academic fields is not sufficient, first, because of people’s experiences with those having a job (in case of Medicine), and studying (in case of Math) in these academic fields, and second, due to the determining role of the motivational factors associated with group membership of persons holding those stereotypes.

been considered always in a level lower than men who are allegory of reason, and said that a mystical discourse therein misogyny is equivalent to anti-egoism and unworldliness, is more misogynist than other discourses in Persian literature. This paper firstly with a Millet-inspired approach that pursues applying sexual politics in three areas of position, role, and character, studies on the position, role and character of women of upper class (women attributed to the court) and mutually the women of lower class (maids) in the anecdotes of the three prominent poets of the mystical literature, namely Sanaei, Attar and Molavi. Then, investigates the role of women in the mystical texture of reviewed anecdotes and finally in consideration of the women’ s role in both textures, assesses the approach of three writers to the woman. The most important achievement of this article is revealing the precise position of educational mystical discourse in the reproduction or non-reproduction of sexual stereotypes that are directly impacted by social classification, and examines the mechanism and manner of patriarchal practice.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between Gender stereotypes and role conflict which occurs in a marriage setting. Three theories have been used here: Goffman's dramaturgical analysis, Merton's role set, and the liberal feminism. The statistical society includes young married women (20 to 35 years of age) residing in Shiraz, whose length of marriage has surpassed the age of one year. The sample encompasses 287 persons. The research tool consists of two questionnaires: role conflict and Gender role (BSRI). Role conflict has been measured in eight domains of: education, employment, financial management, domestic tasks, sexual and affective relations, family and friendship ties, leisure, and the child rear. For data analysis descriptive statistics, significance tests, variance and regression analyses, and path analysis were used. The findings show that a commitment to Gender stereotypes reduces the degree of role conflict. Moreover, women with higher and better education, higher status of own or that of the spouse's family, higher income level, experience less role conflict. Nevertheless, with an increase of working hours and diversification of women's roles, the degree of role conflict increases.

Background & Objectives: Gender dysphoria is defined as the sustained desire for or insistence on belonging to the opposite Gender as well as considerable discomfort with the assigned sex and Gender role. The present study aimed to examine the role of Gender stereotypes (masculinity– femininity) in predicting the irrational beliefs and mental health of individuals with Gender dysphoria. Methods: This was a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population included all individuals with Gender dysphoria, visiting the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization of Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, from 2014 to 2016, to follow legal proceedings for Gender reassignment. A hundred participants were selected via the convenience sampling method, provided informed consent, and completed Bem Sex– Role Inventory (BSRI), Jones Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire, and Goldberg Depression Questionnaire. All statistical steps were performed using SPSS. The obtained data were analyzed by Pearson’ s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with a stepwise method. The significance level was set at 0. 05. Results: The present study findings suggested that males with Gender dysphoria in femininity Gender roles gained higher scores than females with Gender dysphoria in masculinity Gender roles. The correlation coefficient between irrational beliefs and masculinity was not significant (r=0. 04, p=0. 651). The correlation coefficient between several irrational beliefs, the need for others’ confirmation, high expectation, tendency to blame, response to failure, emotional irresponsibility, a great concern with anxiety, helplessness toward change, and perfectionism with the sexual role of positive women were significant (r=0. 39, p<0. 001). The correlation coefficient between mental health and femininity was positive and significant (r=0. 31, p=0. 002). The correlation coefficient between mental health and masculinity was positive and significant (r=0. 31, p<0. 001). The correlation coefficient between irrational beliefs and mental health (r=0. 54, p<0. 001) was positive and significant. Gender stereotypes predicted 17% of the variance of irrational beliefs in the samples with Gender dysphoria (p<0. 001). Furthermore, Gender stereotypes predicted 24% of the variance of mental health in the subjects with Gender dysphoria (p<0. 001). The results of the comparison of two Gender groups with Gender dysphoria also revealed that the mean scores of men with Gender dysphoria was higher in irrational beliefs, compared to those in women, which was not statistically significant concerning the t– value (p=0. 058). The results of the comparison of two Gender groups with Gender dysphoria also indicated that the mean scores of men with Gender dysphoria was higher in mental health, compared to those in women, which was not statistically significant concerning the t– value (p=0. 480). Conclusion: Based on the current study findings, Gender stereotypes could predict irrational beliefs and mental health in individuals with Gender dysphoria. Therefore, the consideration of the variables derived from this research in therapeutic planning is necessary for those with Gender dysphoria.